Nuclear energy is one of the safest energies that can
be used to achieve many desired results, provided it´s used safely with due
precautions. It can be used in different fields for peaceful purposes such as
electricity generation, medicinal purposes, reducing pollution, etc. Here´s an
elaborate explanation about its benefits.
Spain is notable for power stations uprates. It has a program to add 810
MWe (11%) to its nuclear capacity through upgrading its nine reactors by up to
13%. For instance, the Almaraz nuclear station is being boosted by more than 5%
at a cost of US$ 50 million. Some 519 MWe of the overall increase is already in
place.
In February 2011 parliament removed a legal provision limiting nuclear
plant operating life to 40 years, and early in 2012 an industry report
recommended in principle 20-year life extensions.
The Socialist government to 2011 came to power on an anti-nuclear
platform, but apart from opposing the renewal of licence for the Santa Maria de
Garoña station, an early BWR-3 model, it was increasingly positive about
nuclear power. In 2011 the responsible minister said that nuclear plants were
"essential for the supply of electricity in Spain" and that almost
all nuclear power units "will be open, operating and even repowering"
until 2021. Also he said that "nuclear energy will be useful as a source
of electricity for cars," which the government was promoting, hoping to
have one million electric vehicles on the road by 2014. However, that
government remained opposed to new nuclear station construction. The Socialist
government's anti-nuclear policy was never taken into legislation.
The November 2011 election brought about a change of government which revised
the decision to close Garoña, potentially allowing operation to 2019.
Power reactors operating in Spain
Reactors
|
Type
|
Net MWe
|
First power
|
Commercial operation
|
Owner (%); operator
|
Licence expires
|
Almaraz 1
|
PWR
|
947 (1015)
|
1981
|
1981
|
Iberdrola 53%, Endesa 36%, Union Fenosa 11%; CNAT
|
6/2020
|
Almaraz 2
|
PWR
|
956
|
1983
|
1984
|
6/2020
|
Asco 1
|
PWR
|
996
|
1983
|
1984
|
Endesa (100%); ANAV
|
10/2021
|
Asco 2
|
PWR
|
992
|
1985
|
1986
|
Endesa (85%); ANAV
|
10/2021
|
Cofrentes
|
BWR
|
1063
|
1984
|
1985
|
Iberdrola (100%); Iberdrola
|
3/2021
|
Trillo 1
|
PWR
|
1003
|
1988
|
1988
|
Iberdrola (48%); CNAT
|
11/2014
|
Vandellos 2
|
PWR
|
1045
|
1987
|
1988
|
Endesa (78%); ANAV
|
7/2020
|
Total (8)
|
|
7002 MWe
|
|
|
|
|
The Program of Advanced Nuclear Stations is working on the development
of Westinghouse AP 600 and GE Advanced Boiling Water Reactors. Spain is also
participating in the development of European Utility Requirements (EUR) in
relation to advanced nuclear technology and is part of the International Atomic
Energy Agency's INPRO project
Currently operating in Spain 8 nuclear reactors. They are usually classified
into three stages according to their time of construction and other relevant
criteria. Garoña belongs to the first stage, along with the already closed
Vandellós I (closed in 1989) and José Cabrera closed in 2006. These plants were
built in the second half of the 60s.
To the second stage belong the Almaraz (which has two reactors), Ascó (also
with two reactors) and Cofrentes, networked between 1983 and 1986. National
participation was around 60 per 100 between civil works and equipment, with
important effects on the Spanish industry drivers.
To the third stage belong Trillo and Vandellós II, after twelve years of
political uncertainty plagued construction. The Spanish nuclear industry was
consolidated at this stage, with the construction of factories both equipment
and fuel, the implementation of a number of specialized service companies and
the creation of the National Radioactive Waste (ENRESA).
All this activity involved a major effort to assimilate technology and training
technicians and specialists, which resulted in a high quality nuclear fleet,
teams of highly skilled operation and very high figures of national
participation in the construction of nuclear power plants , from 43% of total
first generation plants to 75% in the second and 85% in the third.
Nuclear plants were built today are a very important asset in the electricity
generation market. Technology has proven to be able to keep operating and to
include in them the technical improvements that have been developed, enabling a
continuous and safe operation, allowing extend life.
Advantages:
·
Almost 0
emissions (very low greenhouse gas emissions).
·
They can
be sited almost anywhere unlike oil which is mostly imported.
·
The
stations almost never experience problems if not from human error, which almost
never happens anyway because the plant only needs about 10 people to operate
it.
·
A small
amount of matter creates a large amount of energy.
·
A lot of
energy is generated from a single power station.
· A truckload of Uranium is equivalent in energy to
10,000+ truckloads of coal. (Assuming the Uranium is fully
utilized.)
·
A nuclear
aircraft carrier can circle the globe continuously for 30 years on its original
fuel while a diesel fueled carrier has a range of only about 3000 miles before
having to refuel.
·
Modern
reactors have two to ten times more efficiency than the old generation reactors
currently in use.
·
New
reactor types have been designed to make it physically impossible to melt down.
As the core gets hotter the reaction gets slower, hence a run-away reaction
leading to a melt-down is not possible.
·
Theoretical
reactors (traveling wave) are proposed to completely eliminate any long-lived
nuclear waste created from the process.
·
Breeder
reactors create more usable fuel than they use.
Disadvantages:
·
Nuclear
plants are more expensive to build and maintain.
·
Proliferation
concerns - breeder reactors yield products that could potentially be stolen and
turned into an atomic weapon.
·
Waste
products are dangerous and need to be carefully stored for long periods of
time. The spent fuel is highly radioactive and has to be carefully stored for
many years or decades after use. This adds to the costs.
·
Early
nuclear research and experimentation has created massive contamination problems
that are still uncontained.
.
·
Nuclear
power plants can be dangerous to its surroundings and employees. It would cost
a lot to clean in case of spillages.
·
There
exist safety concerns if the station is not operated correctly or conditions
arise that were unforeseen when the plant was developed, as happened at the
Fukushima plant in Japan; the core melted down following an earthquake and
tsunami the station was not designed to handle despite the world's strongest
earthquake codes.